??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????, ???? ?? ??? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ???????? ? ???????????????? ??????, ????? ???????? ????????, ????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????????. ????????, ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???????? — ? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????, ? ?????? ? 1973 ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ? ???? ??????? Mariner 10. ? 1974-? ? ? 1975-? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
??? ??? ????? ?????????, ?? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ??????, ??? ? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? — ? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ? ?????. ? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????.
??????????? ???????, ?????????? ? 1970-? ????? ? ??????? ???????? Mariner 10 ?? ????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (???? ? ????? en.wikipedia.org).
"?????? ?? ???????, ??? ? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????, — ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? (Cornell University) ???-??? ????? (Jean-Luc Margot). – ?????????, ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ??????, ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???, ??? ??????? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ????????????? ????".??????????????, ????????? ? ????????????? ? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????????, ??? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????????? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? – ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ???????, ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ? ????????.
?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????. ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????: 1 – ?????, 2 – ???????? , 3 – ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????: 4 – GSSR ? 5 – GBT (??????????? Bill Saxton, NRAO/AUI/NSF).
?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?? ???????, ??????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ????? (??????????? ? ???????, ??????, ? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? — 180 ?? + 430 ???????? ?? ???????) "?????????????" ?????-?????? ????????????????? ????.?? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ? 2002 ???? ???-??? ????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????? (? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? YORP— ?????????). ? ??? ??? ??? ????????.
????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ?? ??? ?? ???. ? ????? ???? ????????? ????? – ??? ????, ??????? ????????? ? ????????????? ?????????. ????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? (??????????? Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation).
????????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????. ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? GSSR (Goldstone Solar System Radar), ????????????? NASA, ?????? — ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? (JPL). ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ??, ? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????? (Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope — GBT).??? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????, ??? ?????? ???????.
???-??? ????? ???????????? ????????. ????? ???? – ?????? ?? ???; ???, ??????? ??????, ???????? ? ?????? ?????. ??????? – ?????; ??? ?????-?????? ?????? ???????. ? ???? ?? ??????????, ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??-???????. ???? ???????? ?, ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????????, ??? ????????????? ??????? ?? "???????????" (???? Lindsay France/Cornell University Photography).
????? ??????? ????????, ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????. ?? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ? ???, ????? ???? ???, ? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? "????????", ? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????.? ????? ????????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? – ? ???? ???, ????? ??, ????. ?? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? – ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? "????????????" ???????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????.
??????????????, ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? Messenger, ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? (??????????? ? ????? messenger.jhuapl.edu).
??????, ??? ????????????, ? ????? ???????, ??????? ?????, ? ? ?????? – ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????.???? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ???, ?????? ????, ???????, ?? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ? ?? ??????????. ?? ???????? ???????? ? ???, ??? ? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????-?????? ???????? (????????, ????), ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????. ? ?????????? ??? ??????????, ?? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????.
?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? Science ? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? (??????????? Christopher Bickel/Science). ? ? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? Science. ????, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ????? ????????????. ? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????????????. ????? ??? ? ?????? ?????? – ???????? ???, ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????.
???? ???????, ??? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ???????? ?? ??? NASA ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? – ???? Messenger. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? 2008 ????, ? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? — ???? ? 2011-?. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????.
????? ??????, ????????? ????????, ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ?, ????? ? ?? ????????? ??? ???????. ??? ? ????.
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